{"id":643,"date":"2023-07-26T13:34:19","date_gmt":"2023-07-26T13:34:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/udfop.net\/?p=643"},"modified":"2023-07-26T13:45:19","modified_gmt":"2023-07-26T13:45:19","slug":"%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a1%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%85%d9%88%d9%91-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/udfop.net\/?p=643","title":{"rendered":"\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 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href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%91%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D9%91-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82\/?lang=ar#endnote15\"><sup>15<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;\u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 1996 \u06482019 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 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href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%91%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D9%91-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82\/?lang=ar#endnote16\"><sup>16<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635\u0651 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href=\"https:\/\/mecouncil.org\/publication\/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%91%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D9%91-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82\/?lang=ar#endnote20\"><sup>20<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 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\u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u064d \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064d \u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f\u0629\u201d \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646. \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0651\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0651 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>1&nbsp;<\/sup>Jessie Williams, Sarah Habershon, and Becky Dale, \u201cArabs Believe Economy is Weak Under Democracy,\u201d July 6, 2022, Arab Barometer, https:\/\/www.arabbarometer.org\/media-news\/arabs-believe-economy-is-weak-under-democracy\/.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>2&nbsp;<\/sup>World Bank World Development Indicator (WDI) Database, \u201cGDP growth (annual %) \u2013 Middle East &amp; North Africa,\u201d accessed April 2, 2023,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=ZQ\">https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=ZQ<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>3&nbsp;<\/sup>Lydia Assouad, \u201cInequality and Its Discontents in the Middle East,\u201d Carnegie Middle East Center<em>,&nbsp;<\/em>March 12, 2020,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2020\/03\/12\/inequality-and-its-discontents-in-middle-east-pub-81266\">https:\/\/carnegie-mec.org\/2020\/03\/12\/inequality-and-its-discontents-in-middle-east-pub-81266<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>4&nbsp;<\/sup>World Bank, \u201cWorldwide Governance Indicators,\u201d Interactive Data Access, accessed November 10, 2022,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/info.worldbank.org\/governance\/wgi\/Home\/Reports\">https:\/\/info.worldbank.org\/governance\/wgi\/Home\/Reports<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>5&nbsp;<\/sup>World Bank, \u201cWorldwide Governance Indicators,\u201d Documentation, accessed November 10, 2022,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/info.worldbank.org\/governance\/wgi\/Home\/Documents#wgiDataSources\">https:\/\/info.worldbank.org\/governance\/wgi\/Home\/Documents#wgiDataSources<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>6&nbsp;<\/sup>Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi,&nbsp;<em>The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues<\/em>, Analysis Paper, (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, September 2010),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/09_wgi_kaufmann.pdf\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/09_wgi_kaufmann.pdf<\/a>; Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi,&nbsp;<em>The Worldwide Governance Indicators Project: Answering the Critics<\/em>, Policy Research Working Paper 4149, (Washington, DC: World Bank, March 2007),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/acb720f6-846e-5fa3-8ca7-67c65b3ece1a\/content\">https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/acb720f6-846e-5fa3-8ca7-67c65b3ece1a\/content<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>7&nbsp;<\/sup>For example, see Stephen Knack, ed.,&nbsp;<em>Democracy, Governance and Growth&nbsp;<\/em>(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003); See also Philip Keefer,&nbsp;<em>A Review of the Political Economy of Governance: From Property Rights to Voice<\/em>&nbsp;(Washington DC: World Bank Group, May 2004),&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/web.worldbank.org\/archive\/website01241\/WEB\/IMAGES\/13153132.PDF\">http:\/\/web.worldbank.org\/archive\/website01241\/WEB\/IMAGES\/13153132.PDF<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>8&nbsp;<\/sup>World Bank, \u201cWorldwide Governance Indicators;\u201d Haver Analytics Database, accessed November 10, 2022,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.haver.com\/\">https:\/\/www.haver.com\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>9&nbsp;<\/sup>Daniel Kaufmann, \u201cIt\u2019s Complicated: Lessons from 25 Years of Measuring Governance,\u201d&nbsp;<em>Brookings Future Development<\/em>&nbsp;(blog), September 30, 2021,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/future-development\/2021\/09\/30\/its-complicated-lessons-from-25-years-of-measuring-governance\/\">https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/future-development\/2021\/09\/30\/its-complicated-lessons-from-25-years-of-measuring-governance\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>10&nbsp;<\/sup>Rock-Antoine Mehanna, Yousef Yazbeck, and Leyla Sarieddine, \u201cGovernance and Economic Development in MENA Countries: Does Oil Affect the Presence of a Virtuous Circle?\u201d&nbsp;<em>Journal of Transnational Management<\/em>&nbsp;15, no. 2 (June 2010): 117-150,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15475778.2010.481250\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15475778.2010.481250<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>11&nbsp;<\/sup>Noha Emara and Ming Chiu, \u201cThe Impact of Governance on Economic Growth: The Case of Middle Eastern and North African Countries,\u201d&nbsp;<em>Topics in Middle Eastern and African Economies,<\/em>&nbsp;18, no. 1 (May 2016),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ecommons.luc.edu\/meea\/231\/\">https:\/\/ecommons.luc.edu\/meea\/231\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>12&nbsp;<\/sup>Xuehui Han, Haider Khan, and Juzhong Zhuang, \u201cDo Governance Indicators Explain Development Performance? A Cross-Country Analysis,\u201d&nbsp;<em>ADB Economics Working Paper Series<\/em>, No. 417, November 2014,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/do-governance-indicators-explain-development-performance-cross-country-analysis\">https:\/\/www.adb.org\/publications\/do-governance-indicators-explain-development-performance-cross-country-analysis<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>13&nbsp;<\/sup>Tharanga Samarasinghe, \u201cImpact of Governance on Economic Growth,\u201d&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de\/\"><em>Munich Personal RePEc Archive<\/em><\/a><em>&nbsp;(MPRA)<\/em>, November 3, 2018,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de\/89834\/\">https:\/\/mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de\/89834\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>14&nbsp;<\/sup>Eve Medina-Moral and Vincente J. Montes-Gan, \u201cEconomic freedom, good governance and the dynamics of development,\u201d&nbsp;<em>Journal of Applied Economics<\/em>&nbsp;21, no. 1 (November 2018): 44-66,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15140326.2018.1526873\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15140326.2018.1526873<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>15&nbsp;<\/sup>\u201cEven taking for granted that governments must be committed to improve all components of the institutional framework, our results show that there is a sequence of institutional development. A country needs to ameliorate some basic institutions before it can improve others, despite their importance. For instance, the priority for the less developed countries must be economic freedom.\u201d See Medina-Moral and Montes-Gan, \u201cEconomic freedom,\u201d 64.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>16&nbsp;<\/sup>Maryam Al-Naser and Allam Hamdan, \u201cThe Impact of Public Governance on Economic Growth: Evidence from Gulf Cooperation Council Countries,\u201d&nbsp;<em>Economics &amp; Sociology<\/em>&nbsp;14, no. 2 (December 2019): 85-110,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14254\/2071-789X.2021\/14-2\/5\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14254\/2071-789X.2021\/14-2\/5<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>17&nbsp;<\/sup>Han, Khan, and Zhuang, \u201cDo Governance Indicators Explain Development Performance.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>18&nbsp;<\/sup>Ibid., 18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>19&nbsp;<\/sup>Zhuo Zhang, Sultan Musaad O. Almalki, Muhammad Bashir, and Khan Sher, \u201cUnderlying the Relationship Between Governance and Economic Growth in Developed Countries,\u201d&nbsp;<em>Journal of the Knowledge Economy&nbsp;<\/em>12, (June 2021): 1314-1330,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13132-020-00658-w\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13132-020-00658-w<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>20&nbsp;<\/sup>&nbsp; Fadi Fawaz, Anis Mnif, and Ani Popiashvili, \u201cImpact of Governance on Economic Growth in Developing Countries: A Case of HIDC vs. LIDC,\u201d&nbsp;<em>Journal of Social and Economic Development<\/em>&nbsp;23 (June 2021): 44-58,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40847-021-00149-x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40847-021-00149-x<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>21&nbsp;<\/sup>Han, Khan, and Zhuang, \u201cDo Governance Indicators Explain Development Performance,\u201d 18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>22&nbsp;<\/sup>&nbsp; Noa Emara and Eric Jhonsa, \u201cGovernance and Economic Growth: Interpretations for MENA Countries,\u201d&nbsp;<em>Topics in Middle Eastern and African Economies<\/em>&nbsp;16 no. 2 (September 2014): 164,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ecommons.luc.edu\/meea\/199\/\">https:\/\/ecommons.luc.edu\/meea\/199\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>23&nbsp;<\/sup>Emara and Chiu, \u201cThe Impact of Governance on Economic Growth,\u201d 136.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>24&nbsp;<\/sup>Mehanna, Yazbeck, and Sarieddine, \u201cGovernance and Economic Development in MENA Countries,\u201d 145.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>25&nbsp;<\/sup>&nbsp; On the correlation between indicators, see Isabel Gallego-\u00c1lvarez, Miguel Rodriguez-Rosa, and Purificaci\u00f3n Vicente-Galindo, \u201cAre Worldwide Governance Indicators Stable or Do They Change Over Time? A comparative Study Using Multivariate Analyses,\u201d&nbsp;<em>Mathematics<\/em>&nbsp;9, no. 24 (December 2021),&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/math9243257\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/math9243257<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>26&nbsp;<\/sup>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0630\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 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\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646: -1 \u06481).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>27&nbsp;<\/sup>\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a. \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0650\u0651\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0650\u0651\u062f \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>28&nbsp;<\/sup>World Bank, \u201cWorldwide Governance Indicators;\u201d Haver Analytics Database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>29&nbsp;<\/sup>I \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u201c\u0644\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0645\u201d \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u201d. \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0639. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u201c\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0628\u201d. \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<br>Legatum Institute, Changes Made Since 2020 Index: Summary of Indicator Details, Study, (London, UK: Legatum Institute, 2021), 29,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.prosperity.com\/3716\/3643\/5991\/The_2021_Methodology_-_Part_3_-_Sources_And_Indicators.pdf.\">https:\/\/docs.prosperity.com\/3716\/3643\/5991\/The_2021_Methodology_-_Part_3_-_Sources_And_Indicators.pdf.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>30&nbsp;<\/sup>World Bank, \u201cWorldwide Governance Indicators;\u201d Haver Analytics Database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>31&nbsp;<\/sup>Ibid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>32&nbsp;<\/sup>Ibid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627: \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0640\u062d\u0642 \u0634\u0640\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 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